The Story Of Madame Mathilde Loisel - 874 Words

The story begins with the main character Madame Mathilde Loisel. She is the charming and tall lady, did not belong to the wealthy family. She always dreamed to be rich and live the life like wealthy people. She dressed simple, as she cannot afford expensive dresses. She marries to a clerk and works with the Minister of Education. He was not wealthy, but in good condition that he can keep her happy. He is simply honest and hardworking person. In the story the author states She suffered from the poverty of her dwelling, from the wretched look of the walls, from the worn-out chairs, from the ugliness of the curtains (Para 3). She wants expensive interior decor like silk curtains and delicate furnishing. The author from the source states She always dreamed of a life of leisure, with attentive servants and a large home, but her lifestyle is decidedly more modest. She was ashamed of her status, so she do not meet her wealthy school friend. One evening her husband came home with the invitation to the ball planned by his boss, the Minister of Education. The author Maupassant states Here s something for you (Para 9). He had trouble getting the invitation and her reaction to that was throwing it. She says in the (Para 12) What do you want to do with that? as she did not have anything appropriate to wear among the rich people. The maupassant s states Why, the dress you go to the theater in (Para 19). Her husband tries to please her with that invitation, so that sheShow MoreRelatedThe Necklace by Guy de Maupassant1034 Words   |  5 Pageswas considered one of France’s greatest short-story writers. His writings were mostly influenced by the divorce of his parents when he was thirteen years old and by great writers such as Shakespeare, Schopenhauer, and Flauber. His parent’s divorce caused his stories to depict unhappiness of matrimony, deceit, miscommunication, and a profound misunderstanding (Maupassan t, Guy de, 1850-1893). In the short-story â€Å"The Necklace,† Madame Mathilde Loisel, an unhappy person living in Paris, France, isRead MoreAn Ironic, Witty Short Story by Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace1023 Words   |  5 Pagesshort stories, he is a French author who lived in the 19th century. Born in 1850 at the Chateau de Miromesnil in France, to a lone literary mother who passed on her passion for books to Guy. The author’s writing style is characterized by economy of style, brilliant irony and elegant denouement. Maupassant wrote over 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and a volume of verse. Maupassant incorporated genres such as realism and naturalism within his works and his first published story; â€Å"BouleRead MoreExamples Of Literary Elements In The Necklace1375 Words   |  6 PagesTwo examples of these short stories are â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupossant and â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† by James Thurber. â€Å"The Necklace† is about a materialistic woman who faces consequences because of her envious personality and â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† is about a man who experiences daydreams randomly throughout the day. Although both short stories used literary elements, Guy de Maupassant utilized them for readers to understand and enjoy the story more than James Thurber. â€Å"TheRead MoreDifferent Characters In The Diamond Necklace, By Guy De Maupassant1260 Words   |  6 Pagesin high places.’ Many story characters are flawed, and the most interesting and sometimes brainless ones are the characters who have big egos, and blame their faults on others to prevent their pride from being bruised. The author of ‘The Diamond Necklace’ , Guy De Maupassant, develops the character Mathilde Loisel through different actions, speech and personality. Firstly, Guy De Maupassant develops the character through her personality. As far as the beginning goes, Mathilde is a selfish swine whoRead MoreWhat Is The Value Of Honesty In The Necklace By Guy De Maupassant1132 Words   |  5 Pageswoman named Mathilde Loisel who lives a poor life, but constantly fantasizes what it would be like to be wealthy. The story starts out by stating, although she was born into a pitiful life, she was still â€Å"pretty and charming†(Page 1), but these great traits don’t seem to matter, as she is still very unhappy. This disparaging attitude about how unlucky Mathilde’s life is, leads her to learn one of life’s most important lessons and personality traits. Honesty. The author of the story even goes soRead MoreMadame Loisel Is Unhappy Because She Is Ashamed Of Her Social Standing979 Words   |  4 PagesMadame Loisel is unhappy because she is ashamed of her social standing. Madame Loisel has always dreamed of a luxurious life with servants and such, and is unhappy because she is not wealthy. She becomes even more upset when she was invited to a ball. It upsets her because she thinks she has anything to wear which is appropriate for the occasion. Then she is upset because she doesn t have appropriate jewelery. However the base of those complaints that she is unhappy in her social standing. MmeRead MoreThe Necklace By Guy De Maupassant1381 Words   |  6 PagesTwo examples of these short stories are â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupassant and â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† by James Thurber. â€Å"The Necklace† was about a materialistic woman who faced consequences because of her envious personality and â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† was about a man who experienced daydreams randomly throughout the day. Although both short stories used literary elements, Guy de Maupassant utilized them for readers to understand and enjoy the story more than James Thurber. â€Å"TheRead MoreGuy de Maupassant Writes in Third Person919 Words   |  4 Pagescrucial for the way a story is perceived by the reader. Guy de Maupassant uses a third-person limited perspective and the narrator reveals the thoughts and feelings of one character. Explicit narration directly reveals the main character’s internal and external conflict. Guy de Maupassants limited third person narrator creates a vivid character, struggling to acknowledge her lower class and teaches a powerful theme about the dangers of envy . The symbolism throughout the story strengthens Mathilde’sRead MoreThe Necklace By Guy De Maupassant1093 Words   |  5 Pagesshort story titled â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupassant, it is clear that the main themes being stressed are pride versus greed, and that things are not quite what they appear. Each of these things are represented throughout the story in some way, whether it be using animated language or symbolism. It is also clea r that background information clearly aided the development of the themes Maupassant incorporated throughout the passage. It is seen throughout the story that the main character Madame MathildeRead MoreResponse to Literature : The Necklace Essay examples1075 Words   |  5 Pagescarefully portrayed in this story, â€Å"The Necklace†. The story is about a young woman named Mathilde Loisel. Born in a family of artisans, she wasn’t rich, but beautiful and glamor. But she never feel satisfied of what she had and never stop dreaming to have more, to live a luxury life with expensive homes and glittering dresses, and eventually paid hard for her nonsense dreams. In â€Å"The Necklace†, Guy de Maupassant uses third person limited narration to show how Mathilde Loisel changes in how she looks

Why Is It Is Born Good Essay - 930 Words

Like Carl Rogers, I inherently believe that people are basically born good. However, who we are is affected by our environment. In order for humans to grow mentally and emotionally they must be provided with an environment that is conducive to showing openness, genuineness and empathy (McLeod, 2014). When these things are lacking, relationships and healthy personalities will be unable to develop as they should. Most people that you encounter want to live healthy, productive lives and strive to do their level best. Yet, we find that there are many people that are mentally and emotionally scarred because of various things such as low self-esteem and negative self-images. Rogers noted that, â€Å"a person who has high self-worth, that is, has confidence and positive feelings about him or herself, faces challenges in life, accepts failure and unhappiness at times, and is open with people† (McLeod, 2014). When people are placed in a tough situation, those with a high self-worth are able to keep persevering, but the opposite is true with someone that has a low self-worth. Challenges in life can cause them to be unhappy defensive and to not think highly of themselves. Having an environment where a person feels valued can be beneficial in causing people to make positive changes in their lives. I personally do not feel that people can change who they are. For me, genetics and the nurturing or lack of that we receive growing sets the foundation for who we innately are as individuals. AsShow MoreRelatedConfucius : A Book By Journalist And Authort.r Reid913 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosopher, political, editor and teacher born 29 September 551 BC.The main teachings of Confucius are Jen-human goodness;what gives people with humanity,Li- benefit of order;acting for one s role in society, respect for all ages,Te-the power of example,Ye-moral sense,Hsiao-filial piety and Chih-all people are born good. I think Confucianism mainly emphasized on treating people the way you would want to be treated and on family. When something good happened in my family growing my parents wouldRead MoreBiography Of Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi, And Nelson Mandela1430 Words   |  6 Pagessomething that you were born with, hence the very popular saying Great leaders are born, not made (What Makes An Effective Leader). Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela were all great examples of people who were natural born leaders. These three leaders were very charismatic, which enabled them to gather many followers. To some extent, being born a leader was true because according to David Celeste, Qualities such as charisma with which one is born, is a leadership qualityRead MoreThe Poem The Refuge 1233 Words   |  5 Pagesyou can because I was born with great title that few people in this world had, have, and will have. The title that might get you to know what is that. Let s talk about Bhutan. I think everybody know that country Bhutan that is known as â€Å"World s Happiest Country in The Earth.† Imagining that is beginning beautiful. The country is beautiful due to the bloods and sweet of my grandparents, and parents. Country that called every country s people to come and learn about good things on â€Å"HappinessRead MoreAre We Inherently Good Or Evil?1180 Words   |  5 PagesSince the beginning of time there has been confusion about every aspect of life and with confusion comes a number of questions we cannot completely answer or forget. How did we transform from one creature to another? Why are people so violent? Are we inherently good or evil? These are questions that have been asked for centuries, and have taken ever longer to possibly answer. It might be numerous decades from now before they finally answer these questions but, nevertheless many people are tryingRead MoreHuman Nature And The Mind974 Words   |  4 Pageshuman nature and the mind have been extensively studied to develop theories about why humans act, think, and feel that way that we do. It is believed by some that humans are born a certain way by nature. There are three ways that people tend to believe humans are born: naturally good, naturally evil, or neutral. A Chinese philosopher named Mencius is an example of someone who believed that humans are born naturally good. Mencius is believed to be the most important figure in the development of ConfucianismRead MoreReflection Paper On My Second Reflection1331 Words   |  6 Pagespaper in Theology 104. The first question that I chose to reflect on was, did Jesus need to be born of virgin? Yes Jesus, in my opinion, did need to be born of a virgin. If Jesus had not been born of a virgin, we possibly would have not known of his existence because in the Bible it say’s Jesus was born of a virgin this makes him a God-Man, he is both a son of man and the son of God. If God had been born only as a son of God Jesus would not been able to do the things that he has done. The secondRead MoreHuman Nature: Good or Evil? Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesFor centuries many philosophers, as well as most individuals, have pondered on the question what is good and what is evil. More-so philosophers of all ages have also stumbled upon a more in depth question which is if the intuitive knowledge of mans nature is good, or if it is evil. Many have claimed to have an answer to these puzzling questions yet most of their answers were found to be incomplete and inadequate at a later date. Religion also tried to provide a solution but to my understanding onlyRead MoreIs Man Naturally Good Or Evil?972 Words   |  4 Pagesman is inherently good or evil has vexed humanity since its appearance. Is man naturally good? Does he live in a state of the noble savage? Or was his natural habitat ,nasty , brutish and short? These questions are important because they help inform the way in which we treat our fellow human beings and structure of society. If man is in fact natural ly bad then there is little to be gained in trying to make bad people better. Similarly, if we think that people are naturally good, then one would tendRead MoreDangerous Social Forces1185 Words   |  5 Pages Social forces always come along with behaviors, whether they’re good or bad. They create who people are and can even help identify who we are. Those forces can even help with identifying others too. But they can become dangerous and they shape who a person will grow up to be. If theyre influenced to do amazing things or horrible things, help others in need or ignore them. Social forces are beyond our control. Nothing can change them. Social forces influence identities and become dangerous. GenderRead MoreTransgender Bedrooms And Transgender Bathrooms1028 Words   |  5 Pagesto pass? What people will it help? If the law does pass it isn’t going for very long, and it isn’t going to be a good thing. What do other people think about this law. If people re ally want the transgender bathroom law to pass, just maybe this will change that. Transgender bathrooms are dull and unsafe. What kind of people would want the law to pass? What are transgender bathrooms? Why would people need transgender bathrooms when there s two already? According to â€Å"Unisex Public Bathrooms†, transgender

Animal Rights Cause for Vegetarianism Essay Example For Students

Animal Rights Cause for Vegetarianism Essay The choice of eating meat or not has been a debated issue for a continued number of years. There have long since been two sides: the proponents and opponents of meat consumption. More and more debates of its value and effect on the world have risen. Many claim it is wrong, while others think of it as a needed pleasure. Today, a greater percentage of the population eats meat. Only a few individuals seek the alternative route. Yet, there has been a steady rise in the number of vegetarians. Only a few individuals seek the alternative route. Yet, there has been a steady rise in the number of vegetarians. Many may already know that religions all over the world have advocated a meat-free diet. While a few are lenient, the majority is steady. The reason a vegetarian diet has been preferred over meat dates back thousands of years. Take for example, the Christian tradition. Although most are now lenient, previously many great saints advocated a meat-free diet, for more reasons than one. In the beginning it was said by God, Here I have given you all vegetation bearing seed which is on the surface of the whole earthto you let it serve as food. (gen. 1.29) Later it was spoken by Jesus of the commandment, thou shall not kill. Jesus said, You heard that it was said to those of ancient times, Thou shall not kill; and whoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment.(Matthw.5.21) There is also the Hindu tradition, where a meatless way of life has gone on for thousands of years (until the invasion by foreign rule, forcing some to comply to foreign acts). This tradition has volumes of scriptures proclaiming vegetarianism. Take for example this quote from the Srimad Bhagavatam 1.7.37, A cruel and wretched person who maintains his existence at the cost of others lives deserves to be killed for his own eternal well-being, otherwise he will go down by his own actions. There are many more such quotes from scriptures all over the world. Yet nowadays, there is just the opposite of vegetarianism in compliance of these ancient texts. Although meat-eating has been denied to the human form by God and his sons and daughters of the past, people still adopt the process. Such are the statements of devout followers who adhere to a meat-free diet in accordance to scriptural texts. Those who advocate vegetarianism profess that many people are weak of heart and so succumb to meat eating. While those who advocate a meat-oriented diet say that a meat diet is essential for a normal and healthy life, for they provide protein. The Dutch chemist, Gerrit Jari Mulder, in his experiments, has proved in 1838, that protein is biologically essential, for every living creature needs a certain amount to survive. This fact about protein is due to the presence of amino acids, the building blocks of life. While it is true that animals provide essential protein for the human body, scientific reports have provided additional information that may seem to support a vegetarian viewpoint. In his Book Diet for Transcendence, Steven Rosen states from other sources that plants are the sources of protein and that animals are the secondary sources, having consumed such plants. Plants can synthesize amino acids from air, earth and water, but animals are dependent on plants for protein, either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating an animal which has eaten and metabolized plants. There have also been many scientific reports of late showing the defects of a meat-oriented diet. Cancer and heart disease are nearly epidemic in nations with a high per capita consumption of meat, while they rarely occur in societies where little meat is consumed, quoted from Steven Rosens book Diet For Transcendence. .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb , .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb .postImageUrl , .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb , .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb:hover , .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb:visited , .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb:active { border:0!important; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb:active , .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u179411071c1cb4b2222caa8be85593fb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Technological Humanity EssayWith a variety of groups forming all over the world advocating vegetarianism, this issue will remain a top issue. .

Modes of Culture Transmission and their Impact on Society

Introduction Culture plays a big role in society. It acts as a common denominator for people with different personalities and ideologies on the workings of life. It gives people, who are seemingly too different, something to share in common coupled with creating bonds. These bonds serve to create a peaceful existence and a sense of security for every one in the community. With culture comes a set code of conduct. These are rules that define the culture and give the characteristic uniqueness of a given community.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modes of Culture Transmission and their Impact on Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These rules are set with the basis being the norms that a majority of the people in the community generally value. Over the years, different scholars have come up with theories as to the origin of these norms. These norms are what most people call moral values. These values undergo tr ansmission within the community, amongst individuals and through the generations, via various means. In most cultures, the older members of the community undertake the role of teaching the younger members as highlighted with the Amish community as depicted in the documentary Devil’s Playground, directed by Lucy Walker. However, with the developments in technology over the years, the media has taken over the role of transmitting these values through television shows, movies, music and the Internet, which is the basis for the documentary Bro Code, by Dr. Tom Kieth. This paper explores the roles of the two methods of transmission of morals depicted as in the two documentaries and the role they play in dictating the ideal moral values that society should adopt. Society’s ideas on ideal morals As mentioned earlier, there have been various debates among scholars as to the origin of the rules that govern behavior within a society, viz. moral values. Some philosophers argue th at these values are set upon society by the governing bodies. For instance, Thomas Hobbes, an English Philosopher, is of the view that in the state of nature, man is not a social animal and that forming a society is not instinctive. He describes life in the state of nature as solitary, poor, nasty, and brutish. In the state of nature, individuals live in a state of fear and danger of violent death.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Hobbes, man has no perception of good and evil or right and wrong and can only live in peaceful coexistence by subjection to the absolute power of a common master (Macpherson, 1962). Therefore, individuals form a social contract in which they live by the rules set by the master in exchange for protection and peace. In a contrasting opinion, John Locke is of the opinion that man is by nature a social creature and would rather live in a socie ty than in complete isolation (Macpherson, 1962). In his opinion, in the state of nature, man knows right from wrong and knows what is his and what is not. However, man in the state of nature does not always act in accordance with this knowledge, thus necessitating the need for the formation of a system of governance, mainly to safeguard the property of its subjects and ensure that justice prevails. Others still argue that morality is not inherent and neither is it enforced by society as suggested by proponents of moral absolutism and universalism and those of nihilism respectively. Such philosophers argue that moral reasoning is an ability that develops in stages throughout a human being’s life. However, such arguments exhibit different viewpoints regarding the stages involved and the basis of moral reasoning, with some basing it on cognitive ability while others on chose care. Lawrence Kohlberg, for instance, is of the view that moral reasoning is subject to a personâ€℠¢s cognitive ability, which changes as the person transitions from childhood to adult hold, thus altering or modifying the person’s view when put in situations of moral dilemma. The Devil’s Playground is a documentary that revolves around teenagers from a community in Indiana that practices the Amish religion. Just like Islam, Amish is both a religion and a way of life. Most people know little about this culture as it mainly operates in isolation from other cultures. The transmission of culture occurs through education by parents and other members of the community. Therefore, values that the teenagers adopt are those held dear by the older members of the community as opposed to letting the younger members adopt values of choice from various options. This aspect is similar to Lawrence Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral development that bases the adoption of morals on cognitive development. In the second level of development, Kohlberg infers that young adults adopt the morals of the members of society that they hold in high respect (Kohlberg, 1973). The culture is strict in nature and people in the community are mainly self-sufficient, interacting with other cultures mostly in the labor market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modes of Culture Transmission and their Impact on Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Children in this community drop out of school and forsake formal education in the 8th grade to work in farms. For this reason, the majority of the Amish population only qualifies for manual labor in the labor market. The Amish society sets strict roles that men and women play. For instance, men are the providers in the community while the women take care of the households. As strict as this culture seems, much criticism surrounds it for a practice they call â€Å"bed courtship†. In this norm, it is allowable for an Amish girl to take an Amish boy to bed during their dating period. Many people argue that this move is contrary to moral views to which most cultures subscribe. Some people also look at it as a means of keeping the teenagers in the community by using the girls as bait to lure the boys in with the allure of sex. The documentary is set around a custom the Amish community refers to as â€Å"Rumspringa†, which is a right of passage amongst Amish teenagers. At the age of sixteen, the young adults go out and interact with the rest of the society without any of the cultural restrictions that their customs place upon them. This stage is a crucial phase as it provides the teenagers with a chance to choose whether to subscribe to the religion or renounce it. As much as this culture is plausible for giving teenagers freedom of choice, a lot of criticism surrounds it. First, the moral justification for letting teenagers out into the real world at a time when they are more likely to make irrational mistakes that are guide d by impulsive curiosity is lacking. Secondly, the parents do little to prepare their children for this period. For instance, the teenagers have no experience in driving cars and their parents do not assist them when they finally get the chance to do it. In addition, these teenagers explore the world of drugs and alcohol for the first time in their lives. These two facts create a recipe for disasters such as car accidents. The Bro Code documentary by Dr. Tom Keith is a form of ethnography that documents some of the cultural values that the media transmits and how these transmissions shape the roles played by male and female members of the society.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The film displays how the media depicts the role of women in society as objects of sexual enjoyment for the men. It also highlights the submissive character that the media suggests as the appropriate character for women. For instance, most music videos objectify women as sex objects for enjoyment by men. The media sells sex unreservedly with the female form as the main selling point. The aim of this move is usually to reach as many people as possible and expand their coverage in order to earn more money. The media has gone as far as creating cartoons with sexual content without giving a thought to the impact that the cartoons have in society. Traditionally, the development of cartoons had the aim of creating entertainment suitable to children and young ones in society. It was also the aim of the creation of cartoons to provide an avenue for learning that is fun as well as informative. The content in cartoons thus is likely to appeal to the young members of society. Therefore, the in clusion of curse words, sexual content, and scenes depicting women as inferior members of society is a suggestive tool on the culture that media companies consider as ideal. The impact that this aspect has on children is barely reversible as it is natured by similar scenes in music videos, movies, magazines, and the Internet content. Girls grow into women that think being sexual objects is an acceptable norm. On the other hand, Dr. Keith also highlights the image that the media creates of ideal men and what their character should include. According to the documentary, men have to prove their manhood through various actions. These include objectifying women and having many sexual partners, having a lot of money, bullying, and engaging in acts of violence, physical, as well as sexual. A man who refuses to fight lacks manly qualities in the eyes of the media. These acts go against the universally accepted norms that count as good morals. For instance, in many cultures and religions, se xual violence is a morally unacceptable norm that is intolerable and heavily punishable. However, what the media does is to take away the gravity of the act by twisting the truth so that it does not seem as bad. One of the methods they use is humor by applying it to situations that arouse anger or disgust. The documentary gives a scene out of the cartoon series Family Guy, whereby one of the characters sits watching television when a news reporter states that some girls are dead after being raped. The character responds by saying that he feels as though he is the only one not getting sex. The media also distorts normal human reactions in the description of an ideal man. The media gives the illustration of crying as an example of unmanly behavior. Labels such as â€Å"faggot† and â€Å"sissy† are a form of identity for men who cry in public. The main similarities in the two documentaries are that the modes of culture transmission are just as important as the culture its elf. They have an impact in the receptiveness, or otherwise of the culture. For instance, The Devil’s playground highlights personal interaction as the main mode of culture transmission, but the fact that the way the recipient understands it and the lack of other options dictates the outcome, and thus proves to be a major shortcoming. In comparison, The Bro Code depicts the media as the main mode of culture transmission, with shortcomings being that this form does not provide a translation to the information relayed and its vagueness leaves room for translations that lead to undesirable consequences. The two films illustrate female members of the society as sexual objects, used in Lucy’s film as bait to attract men into adopting the culture after Rumspringa, and as tools for sexual satisfaction and a sign of manliness in Keith’s film. On the other hand, both films show how society treats men with reverent regard, which leads to egotistic behaviors to the detrime nt of the female population. The two films lack an important aspect, viz. the directors in both films focus extensively on the problems in the society and give very little insight on how society can alleviate these problems and remedy the situation. In addition, the illustrations that form the subject of their films appear biased. They lack an objective view by giving one-sided story. The directors ought to look into the reasons that lead to the acts that they illustrate so passionately. This aspect gives the audience an informed perspective on the issues with a holistic point of view. Reference List Kohlberg, L. (1973). The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment. Journal of Philosophy, 70(18), 630–646. Macpherson, C. (1962). The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to  Locke. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. This essay on Modes of Culture Transmission and their Impact on Society was written and submitted by user Zachery Sherman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What Is Hacktivism Sample Essay Example For Students

What Is Hacktivism? Sample Essay Hacktivism is the merger of hacking and activism ; political relations and engineering. More specifically. hacktivism is described as hacking for a political cause. In this context. the term hacker is used in mention to its original significance. As defined in the New Hacker’s Dictionary. a hacker is â€Å"a individual who enjoys researching the inside informations of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities† and one who is capable of â€Å"creatively get the better ofing or besieging limitations† . ( 1 ) Activism is defined as â€Å"a policy of taking direct and hawkish action to accomplish a political or societal goal† . ( 2 ) Therefore. a clinical definition of hacktivism is: Hacktivism: a policy of choping. phreaking or making engineering to accomplish a political or societal end. ( 3 ) However. both choping and activism. and therefore hacktivism. are laden words ripe for a assortment of reading. Therefore it is preferred non to clini cally specify hacktivism but instead to depict the spirit of hacktivism. Hacktivism is root. It is the usage of one’s collective or single inventiveness to besiege restrictions. to chop cagey solutions to complex jobs utilizing computing machine and Internet engineering. Hacktivism is a continually germinating and unfastened procedure ; its tactics and methodological analysis are non inactive. In this sense no 1 owns hacktivism – it has no prophesier. no Gospel and no canonised literature. We will write a custom essay on What Is Hacktivism? Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hacktivism is a rhizomic. open-source phenomenon. In the Beginning†¦ Since hacktivism is a recombinant enterprise comprised of two divergent communities ( hackers and militants ) it is necessary to understand their several backgrounds in order to analyse this historic amalgamation and to analyze its challenges and future capablenesss. â€Å"Hacker† was originally a term that encapsulated an individual’s deep apprehension of computing machine systems and webs and the ability to contrive. modify. and polish such systems. It is a recombinant attitude that promotes job resolution and originative inherent aptitude for it does non restrict one’s options to the possible. Choping thrives in an environment in which information is freely accessible. The hacker ethic formulated by Steven Levy in his 1984 book â€Å"Hackers: Heros of the Computer Revolution† outlines the hacker dogmas: 1. Entree to computing machines should be unlimited and entire. 2. All information should be free. 3. Mistrust authorization – promote decentalisation. 4. Hackers should be judged by their hacking non fake standards such as grades. age. race. or place. 5. You create art and beauty on a computing machine. 6. Computers can alter your life for the better. ( 4 ) The GNU/Linux operating system evolved from this hacker ethic. As fellow hackers from the MIT AI lab were lured into commercial ventures Richard Stallman became progressively concerned about the decay of the hacker community and the increasing control being exerted over proprietary codification. Stallman decided to make a free operating system modeled after the proprietary UNIX system. ( 5 ) Linus Torvalds began development on a meat and released the initial beginning codification for his meat. named Linux. ( 6 ) Together the work of Stallman and Linus form the GNU/Linux operating system. This package is released under the General Public License ( GPL ) . which is known every bit â€Å"copyleft† as opposed to right of first publication. The GPL allows users to modify and copy the package every bit long as they make the beginning freely available to others. ( 7 ) There is now a vibrant planetary. unfastened beginning community that thrives based on the free flow. and sharing of information. Hackers abhor censoring. Censoring is frequently seen as a human rights misdemeanor. particularly when it is combined with a repressive. regulating government. In add-on. hackers mistrust restrictive statute law that encroaches on free entree to information and cherished electronic privateness. Thus a natural anti pathy to repressive authoritiess and predatory. private establishments has developed. In Phrack magazine. Dr. Crash explains that computing machine engineering is being misused non by hackers but by authoritiess and corporations: The fantastic device meant to enrich life has become a arm which dehumanizes people. To the authorities and big concerns. people are no more than disc infinite. and the authorities doesn’t usage computing machines to set up assistance for the hapless. but to command atomic decease arms. ( 8 ) This sentiment is non an stray harangue. There is decidedly a tendency within hacker civilization that non merely focuses on proficient facets of calculating but political facets every bit good. In the â€Å"Hacker’s Manifesto† the ment0r explains: We make usage of a service already bing without paying for what could be dirt-cheap if it wasn’t run by profiteering gourmands. and you call us felons. We explore†¦ and you call us felons. We seek after knowledge†¦ and you call us felons. We exist without tegument colour. without nationality. without spiritual bias†¦ and you call us felons. You build atomic bombs. you pay wars. you murder. darnel. and lie to us and seek to do us believe it’s for our ain good. yet we’re the felons. ( 9 ) There is an hostility between government/corporate limitations and domination of computing machine engineering and hackers who want to guarantee free entree to information. to besiege censoring. and to forestall monopoly control of engineering. Militants recognized the benefits of incorporating activism and computer/Internet engineering comparatively rapidly. The new unfastened architecture engineering of the Internet played a complementary and good function that fit absolutely with bing. decentralized. activist webs. In fact. computerized activism was already taking topographic point before the birth of the WWWeb. Stephan Wray notes that the creative activity of PeaceNet. a text-based newsgroup service. in 1986 allowed â€Å"political militants to pass on with one another across international boundary lines with comparative easiness and velocity. † ( 10 ) This has allowed militants with small or no proficient accomplishments to use the benefits of digital communications. The Internet allows for the convergence of meetings. arguments. and research in one convenient and fast medium that greatly enhances non merely activists’ organisational capablenesss but besides the ability of militants to respond to a invariably altering universe in a timely mode. In order to educate the populace and promote causes and runs. militant organisations have utilized the Internet and established an accessible. updateable. synergistic. and international presence that antecedently would hold been hard if non about impossible to keep. Applied Hacktivism Hacktivism is the merger of the development of computing machine activism with the politicization of the hackers. The evolutionary advancement of both communities has put them in a place where they can congratulate each other because they face the same techno-political resistance: the inhibitory usage of Torahs and engineerings by private corporations and authoritiess to progressively supervise and command the Internet. The outgrowth of techno-politics has emboldened each community and provides a conduit for electronic activism. Oxblood Ruffin of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention explains: Hacktivism forges scruples with engineering and girds us against the disagreeable nature of struggle. I t allows us to mount better statements. rally unobserved Alliess. and take on any dictatorship. ( 11 ) The realization of politicized hacking has taken a assortment of signifiers runing from electronic civil noncompliance to besieging restrictions through engineering development and execution. However. there is major expostulation to and controversy of the motive and methodological analysis of activities that are frequently described as hacktivism. As with the hacker/cracker dichotomy many distinguish between hacktivism and â€Å"cracktivism† . The former is used to depict politically motivated hacking that is constructive and the latter disruptive. Cracking is defined as â€Å"the act of interrupting into a computing machine system† ( 12 ) and when such Acts of the Apostless are carried out for an expressed political intent they are frequently described as hacktivism. But hacktivism is unstable and its focal point and look has evolved over clip. To avoid â€Å"definition confusion† . it is better to analyse specific state of affairss contextually and analyze the ends. methods. consequences. Events frequently described as hacktivism have been classified as: snap ( including disfigurement and denial of service ) . practical sitins. and engineering development. Unauthorized entree. disfigurement and DoS comprise â€Å"cracktivism† and should be examined with peculiar examination since cases of unauthorised entree and web break are conspicuously featured in the current sensationalized media clime. Such onslaughts are frequently labeled by the media as â€Å"hacktivism† despite there being a clear deficiency of political significance and small if any originative. technological proficiency involved in the onslaught. Furthermore. they are labeled as such despite the fact that the culprits themselves. along with the hacktivist communi ty. seldom describe such events as hacktivism. In 1998 there were several targeted events in which computing machine invasion and disfigurement was used to protest unfairness. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //thehacktivist. com/archive/news/1998/MexicanHac kers-Reuters-1998. pdf ) Kaotik Team defaced 45 Indonesian Web sites to include messages naming for full liberty for East Timor. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //thehacktivist. com/archive/news/1998/E-GuerrilasOttawaCitizen-1998. pdf ) Defacement. despite being the most normally cited hacktivist maneuver in the media. is non considered hacktivism merely because of some obscure message that. when taken as political. all of a sudden makes a defacement hacktivism alternatively of merely another disfigurement. Hacktivism must hold a degree of deliberately that the overpowering bulk of disfigurements don’t have. A disfigurement itself is non hacktivism. Kevin Poulsen distinguishes between hooliganism and hacktivism: Vandalism is malicious devastation or harm. non disingenuous and insurgent meddling. The cogent evidence for protest is in the quality of the work. the lucidity of the message. and the motivations behind it. ( 13 ) When random web sites are defaced – web sites that have no connexion to the supposed issue of protest – it is non hacktivism. Defacements began to drastically increase in 2000 dues to general slack security and the airing of feats for Microsoft IIS waiter. most notably the Uni code Directory Traversal Vulnerability which allowed disfigurements to be conducted through a web browser – every bit easy as you would see a URL ( 14 ) . .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .postImageUrl , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:hover , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:visited , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:active { border:0!important; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:active , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: computers EssayThis resulted in a focal point on unpolitical high profile disfigurements go forthing disfigurement as a method to pull attending to a political cause and as a mechanism of protest overshadowed and spent. Although some politically motivated disfigurements do go on to take topographic point they are considered an mistiming by many hacktivists and neglect to impact political alteration or even draw attending to a political cause. Unlike the disfigurements of 1998. modern-day â€Å"political† disfigurements are frequently the consequence of ongoing feuds between disfigurement groups. Embedded within a nationalist discourse. the twits between opposing def acers are interpreted as politically motivated â€Å"cyberwars† and enflamed by sensationalist media describing. In a widely cited illustration that occurred in 2001. a â€Å"cyberwar† erupted after a U. S. spy plane was shot down in China. However. as Attrition. org discovered. it was more a instance of â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy† – defacers who had non shown any political motives all of a sudden became political merely after the media interpreted their disfigurements as political. Alternatively of being a â€Å"cyberwar† . Attrition. org describes the event as â€Å"the corporate dick-waving of a clump of script-kidiots fueled by alleged journalists bring forthing media ballyhoo – the former seeking to feed their self-importances and the latter to feed their hit counts. † ( 15 ) It has been suggested that viruses and worms are used by hacktivists to advance political messages. The merely good documented event occurred in 1989 when a political worm known as WANK targeted the HEPnet and the NASA SPAN webs to protest the development of atomic arms ( 16 ) . There have been few politically motivated viruses and worms since WANK. The few which have been identified as political include: Milw0rm broke into computing machine systems at India’s Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Bombay ( BARC ) in a protest against atomic arms trials. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wired. com/news/technology/0. 1282. 12717. 00. hypertext markup language ) LoU members Bronc Buster and Zyklon disabled firewalls in order to let China’s Internet users uncensored entree to the Internet. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wired. com/news/print/0. 1294. 16545. 00. ht milliliter ) X-Ploit defaced the web sites of Mexico’s Finance Ministry and Health Ministry to protest the authorities of President Ernesto Zedillo and to demo solidarity with the Zapatista rebellion. ? Mawanella: A virus that appeared in 2001 depicting the firing down of two mosques and one hundred Muslim-owned stores in Mawanella. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/articles/mawanell a. hypertext markup language ) Injustice: A worm that appeared in 2001 protesting the violent death of 12 twelvemonth old Palestinian kid Mohammad Al-Durra. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/articles/injusti. hypertext markup language ) Vote-A: A 2001 worm that calls for a ballot on whether America should travel to war. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/analyses/w32v ote-a. hypertext markup language ) Yaha-E: A 2002 worm that attempts a denial of service onslaught on a Pakistani government’s web site. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/articles/yahae3. hypertext markup language ) Ame La Paz stated that non merely had the EDT failed to confer with with Mexican organisations they besides did non confer with with the Zapatistas. Furthermore. Ame La Paz suggested that such actions may take to increasing confrontation and the escalation of belligerencies in internet. There have been other such reviews of electronic civil noncompliance from within the militant community. ( 20 ) The etoy narrative of 1999/2000 is a tale starring the European art corporate etoy. com and Internet plaything giant eToys. com. etoy is a dynamic graphics that â€Å"uses the corporate construction to maximise cultural value† in order to research the jobs of globalisation. ( 21 ) After etoy turned down an offer by eToys to purchase the sphere name etoy. com. eToys sought and won a impermanent tribunal injunction denying etoy the usage of the sphere etoy. com despite the fact that etoy. com had been registered before the eToys Corporation had even existed. The logical thinking was that etoy. com was bewilderingly similar to etoys. com Not content to discontinue. protagonists of etoy. most notably RTMark began a run. a toy war. designed non merely to decrease the value of eToys stock to make a case in point that â€Å"would coerce e-commerce companies in the hereafter to believe twice approximately censoring for fiscal net income. † ( 22 ) A Virtual Sit-In was organized to cross the premier shopping yearss of Dec. 15-25 and promotion runs targeted eToys investing boards all of which had an impact on the stock monetary value of eToys. In fact the stock began to drop the twenty-four hours the protests began. eToys finally drop their claim and etoy regained control of the etoy. com sphere with eToys picking up the legal costs. ( 23 ) Another major ECD action. one which introduced the construct of synchronised electronic and street based protest. was initiated by the electrohippies collective to co-occur with the 1999 street presenta tions in Seattle. Washington against the meeting of the World Trade Organization. They argue that by organizing street and Internet based protest the involvements of the populace are furthered. The web. they argue. is non separate from the street: Therefore. we must happen mechanisms for lobbying and protest in internet to complement those usually used in existent life. Without public force per unit area internet will hold no moral or normative controls to command the surpluss of politicians. groups or corporations who would seek to rule that public infinite. ( 24 ) The action was conducted â€Å"To supply a mechanism for ordinary people. who can non acquire to Seattle. to register a protest that may hold the impact tantamount to really being there in person† ( 25 ) by decelerating or barricading entree to the WTO’s waiters. It is of import to observe that the anti-virus signifier Symantec current has a turning database of over 65000 viruses and worms of which few contain any content that could be interpreted as political. However. the self-seeking involvements of security houses have led them into overstating the being of political viruses and worms. For illustration. the text of the Yaha-E worm is merely several lines of misspelled twits directed at a rival disfigurement group – a message that is barely political. The fact is that viruses and worms are infrequently associated with political intents. The development and usage viruses or worms is non loosely accepted within the hacktivist community – in fact most oppose it. Electronic Civil Disobedience ( ECD ) is a legitimate signifier of non-violent. direct action utilized in order to convey force per unit area on establishments engaged in unethical or condemnable actions. Within the electronic environment. ECD aims to interrupt the opera tion of information and capital flows of carefully selected mark sites without doing serious harm. Presently based on. but non limited to. the tactical usage of encirclement and trespass. ECD acts as a mechanism through which â€Å"the value system of the province ( to which information is of higher value than the person ) is inverted. puting information back in the service of people instead than utilizing it to profit establishments. † ( 17 ) The realization of ECD in this respect has been an effort to obstruct electronic marks through mass engagement. Stefan Wray explains: In early 1998 a little group naming themselves the Electronic Disturbance Theater had been watching other people experimenting with early signifiers of practical sitins. The group so created package called FloodNet and on a figure of occasions has invited mass engagement in its practical sitins against the Mexican authorities. EDT members Carmin Karasic and Brett Stalbaum created FloodNet to direct a â€Å"symbolic gesture† against an opponent’s web site. FloodNet is a Web-based Java applet that repeatedly sends browser reload bids. In theory. when adequate EDT participants are at the same time indicating the FloodNet URL toward an opposition site. a critical mass prevents farther entry. Actually. this has been seldom attained. Given this. possibly FloodNet’s power lies more in the fake menace. ( 18 ) It should be noted that a Mexican organisation. Ame La Paz. while supportive of the construct issued a statement critical of the EDT’s action: We besides think your Electronic Civil Disobedience on April is a brilliant. intelligent and well-planned proposal. but it is unneeded and unsafe. ( 19 ) .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .postImageUrl , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:hover , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:visited , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:active { border:0!important; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:active , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On the surface, Jonas is like any other eleven-year-old boy living in his community Essay Oxblood explains: Many online militants claim to be hacktivists. but their tactics are frequently at odds with what we consider hacktivism to be. From the cDc’s position. creative activity is good ; devastation is bad. Hackers should advance the free flow of information. and doing anything to interrupt. prevent. or idiot that flow is improper. For case. Center for Disease Control and Prevention does non see Web disfigurements or Denial of Service ( DoS ) attacks to be legitimate hacktivist actions. The former is nil more than high-tech hooliganism. and the latter. an assault on free address. ( 29 ) Alternatively. it is argued that the focal point of hacktivism should be shifted from electronic break to job solution. Oxblood Ruffin explains: Hacktivism is an open-source implosion. It takes the best of choping civilization. and the jussive moods of the quantum community. and fuses a solution. ( 30 ) Hacktivismo chooses to re-define hacktivism as â€Å"using engineering to progr ess human rights through electronic media. † ( 31 ) Re-focusing on the initial hacker moral principle. hacktivists seek originative solutions that circumvent restrictions in codification. If. as Lawrence Lessig suggests. â€Å"code is law† ( 32 ) so code itself is the primary location of battle. Despite being heralded as a democratising engineering by virtuousness of its decentralized. open-architecture design the Internet is progressively coming under force per unit area by establishments. authoritiess and corporations that seek to have and command it. The increasing incursion of Draconian cyberlaw – including anti- ( cyber ) terrorist act commissariats every bit good as rational belongings jurisprudence – combined with technological steps that restrict freedom of address and look online threaten the Internet both as a communications medium and as a agency of activism. Some hackers have been disputing limitations to free address and just usage rights in the tribunals. 2600 Magazine has been taken to tribunal several times over such issues. most notably the DeCSS instance. In Nov. 1999 Masters of Reverse Engineering ( MoRE ) released DeCSS. a plan that allowed users to do transcripts of copy-protected DVD’s. MoRE member Jon Johansen claimed they had released the codification so that users could play DVD’s on the Linux operating system. 2600 Magazine was sued by the MPAA for printing the DeCSS beginning codification. ( 33 ) Although 2600 decided non to appeal a opinion against them in the U. S. ( 34 ) Jon Johansen won his tribunal instance in Norway and has since released an unfastened beginning public-service corporation that dumps the contents of a Quicktime watercourse pulling attending to fair usage rights. ( 35 ) Increasingly. militants and hacktivists are being criminalized and labeled as terrorists. Users. militants. and hackers likewise face censoring and surveillance on the Internet. Therefore hacktivists have begun to develop engineerings aimed at authorising Internet users and militants with security and privateness enhancing tools. There are legion ongoing hacktivist undertakings to develop engineerings that would enable militants. citizens and civil society webs to procure themselves against. or work about. Internet censoring and surveillance. The range of these engineerings ranges from little. simple books and plans to extremely developed peer-to-peer web protocols. and stegonography tools . The new collaborative hacktivist community Hackforge. cyberspace purposes to convey together hackers and militants in an unfastened beginning collaborative package development environment in The practical sit-in. or client-side DDOS. differs from serverside DDOS since â€Å"client-side distributed actions require the attempts of existent people. taking portion in their 1000s simultaneously† while the latter requires the snap of computing machines to utilize as living deads in an machine-controlled DDOS onslaught. Attrition. org’s Brian Martin explains server-side DDOS: Prior to establishing this signifier of DDoS inundation. the aggressor must first via media assorted hosts on different webs. The more webs and machines used as launch points. the more powerful the onslaught. Once each host had been broken into. they would put in a DDoS client plan on the machine that would sit ready to assail. Once the web of compromised waiters was configured with the new client plan. t he aggressor could direct a speedy bid from the DDoS waiter package triping each machine to establish an onslaught. ( 26 ) Others within the hacker/hacktivist fierily oppose the maneuver of the practical sit-in proposing that there is no difference between a practical sit-in and a DDOS onslaught. In a response to the electrohippies. Oxblood Ruffin of cDc/Hacktivismo explains: Denial of Service. is Denial of Service. is Denial of Service. period. The lone difference between a plan like Stacheldraht a DDoS application written by The Mixter ] and the client side javascript plan written by the Electrohippies is the difference between blowing something up and being pecked to decease by a duck. ( 27 ) Hacktivism is non purely the importing of militant techniques into the digital kingdom. Rather it is the look of hacker accomplishments in the signifier of electronic direct action. It acknowledges that neither the tactics nor the aims of hacktivism are inactive. Rather. they must continually germinate in order to be effectual. Therefore a differentiation is made between hackers engaged in activism and militants trying use the proficient facets of choping to mime and apologize traditional signifiers of activism. This sentiment is summed up by Oxblood Ruffin of cDc/Hacktivismo: Hacktivism is about utilizing more facile statements – whether of codification or words – to build a more perfect system. One does non go a hacktivist simply by infixing an â€Å"h† in forepart of the word militant or by looking backward to paradigms associated with industrial organisation. ( 28 ) Break ( whether by computing machine housebreakings. disfigurement or denial of service ) . in this respect. is non feasible option. In order to ease the continued development of hacktivist engineerings. Hovering between creative activity and confrontation hacktivism is returning to its hacker roots. True to the hacker definition of â€Å"circumventing limitations† hacktivists have ever focused on engineering development. with a peculiar focal point on guaranting freedom of address on the Internet. although this facet has frequently been ignored by the media and faculty members. Hacktivism is non simple pranksterism. nor is it malicious or destructive. It is non synonymous with disfigurements and DoS onslaughts. Hacktivism is a signifier of electronic direct action in which originative and critical thought is fused with scheduling accomplishment and codification making a new mechanism to accomplish societal and political alteration. Hacktivists are committed to procuring the Internet as a platform of free address and look. This ensures that the Internet remains a medium for activism and an environment that facilitates the free flow of information. Mentions: 29. hypertext transfer protocol: //hacktivismo. com/news/modules. php? name=Content A ; pa=showpage A ; pid= 10 30. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cultdeadcow. com/cDc_files/cDc-0361. html 31. hypertext transfer protocol: //hacktivismo. com/news/modules. php? name=Content A ; pa=showpage A ; pid= 10 32.hypertext transfer protocol: //code-is-law. org/ 33. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theregister. co. uk/content/archive/23633. html 34. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. 2600. com/news/view/article/1233 35. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theregister. co. uk/content/4/34141. hypertext markup language What is Hacktivism? 1. 0 can be found at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thehacktivist. com/hacktivism1. php Notes: 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. drudge. gr/jargon/html/H/hacker. html 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary. mention. com/search? q=activism 3. This definition appeared on the CULT OF THE DEAD COW’s now defunct website hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hacktivism. org which is archived here: hypertext transfer protocol: //web. archive. org/web/19981203083935/http: //www. hacktivism. org/ 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //mosaic. echonyc. com/~steven/hackers. html 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wildebeest. org/gnu/thegnuproject. html 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Li. org/linuxhistory. php 7. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wildebeest. org/copyleft/gpl. html 8. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phrack. org/phrack/6/P06-03 9. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phrack. org/phrack/14/P14-03 10. hypertext transfer protocol: //thehacktivist. com/archive/edt/wwwhack. html 11. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. drudge. gr/jargon/html/C/cr acking. html 12. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. securityfocus. com/bid/1806/info/ 13. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. techtv. com/cybercrime/print/0. 23102. 2000216. 00. html 14. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. abrasion. org/mirror/attrition/defacements-graphs. html 15. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. abrasion. org/security/commentary/cn-us-war. hypertext markup language 16. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cert. org/advisories/CA-1989-04. hypertext markup language 17. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. critical-art. net/books/ecd/ecd2. pdf 18. hypertext transfer protocol: //thehacktivist. com/archive/edt/wwwhack. html 19. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thing. net/~rdom/ecd/amelapaz. html 20. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thing. net/~rdom/ecd/harrycontrib. html hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nettime. org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9808/msg00028. html 21. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. etoy. com 22. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. rtmark. c om/etoymain. html 23. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wired. com/news/politics/0. 1283. 33111. 00. html hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wired. com/news/politics/0. 1283. 32936. 00. html hypertext transfer protocol: //www. rtmark. com/etoy. html 24. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gn. armored personnel carrier. org/pmhp/ehippies/files/op1. htm 25.hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gn. armored personnel carrier. org/pmhp/ehippies/archive/wtoir. htm 26. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. abrasion. org/~jericho/works/security/dos. html 27. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cultdeadcow. com/details. php3? listing_id=410 28. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cultdeadcow. com/details. php3? listing_id=410

Essay on Greece and Greek Philosopher

Essay on Greece and Greek Philosopher Essay on Greece and Greek Philosopher The Ancient Greek contribution ranged by the 1900-133 BC, however its influence on the Western Literate Society lasts to this day. As the Greeks expanded their empire, they spread their ideas to other countries, while also borrowing from other cultures. During this period of time, the Greeks made many significant and long-lasting contributions to our modern culture in Philosophy, Art, Democracy, Drama, Math, and Science. These giving of important ideas, inventions, and structures have had an extraordinary influence on the surrounding environment, society, and in the future. The essential contributions of Greeks to the Western Civilization are Democracy, Art, and Philosophy. One thing that the ancient Greek affected western civilization is politics. It was the Greeks who developed a democracy, they were the very first. Pericles stated that he wanted all citizens to have an equal opportunity to serve the public. In both the US democracy and the Greeks democracy, political privilege can be use by citizens. An example of a political privilege can be use by citizens in Greek was that laws were voted upon and to able to nominate by the assembly of all citizens. In the US when citizens are 18 and older they are granted the right to vote. In the US most of the democratic system that the government uses is either identical or very similar to the Ancient Greek system. Perhaps the most famous piece of ancient Greek art work is Myron’s famous marble sculpture of The Discus Thrower. Myron’s art represents an Olympic event called Discus. The marble sculpture is notable because it reveals the ancient Greek value of athletics. The ancient Olympics were made up of a series of athletic matches that the people of the city-states within Greece would participate in. The city-states would put aside all differences to participate in these events to show their victory. The Olympics, that the ancient Greeks held, inspired other civilizations to hold an Olympics to test their athletes as well. A world Olympics is still held

Radical Behaviorist Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Radical Behaviorist Critique - Essay Example For the purpose of ensuring that the learner meets the learning outcome described above, it is of essence to use the constructivism radical approach during instruction. Constructivist approach Constructivism involves allowing the learner to solve problems on their own based on the experience they have gained over time. A constructivist classroom does not consider the learner as a passive recipient of information. Rather, the learner is actively involved in discovering knowledge by themselves and not necessarily depending on the instructor. In constructivist learning, the role of the teacher is simply to facilitate learning activities, then leaving the learner to acquire knowledge on their own. According to Seel (2011) constructivist theorists believe that the acquisition of knowledge is determinant on prior knowledge. Therefore, a learner only builds up upon previous knowledge while learning. Accordingly, in my mathematics class, the learners will be required to use the knowledge the y have acquired over time coupled with new ideas to find solutions to the algebraic problems. More importantly, the learners will use the mathematical knowledge they have acquired previously to achieve the set learning outcomes. ... This means that as a learner continues to perceive external information, they continually blend it with what they already know about the topic and make a meaning out of it. The process of acquiring external information may be through reading a book or viewing images. In the process of doing either, the learner stores the information in the short-term memory then later on, after they are through reading or viewing, the information is transferred into the long-term memory (Seel, 2011). From the long-term memory, the information can now be retrieved as knowledge. Using this information processing theory, I would change the view of constructivists that the teacher does not have a very important role to play in learner-centered learning. It is obvious that the learner needs the teacher to simplify some of the concepts for easier encoding and decoding. Therefore, in as much as the learner should be left to solve the problem on their own, the teacher needs to guide the learner in perceiving the instructions and solving the problem. Some algebraic equations may be too complex for the learner and they may need the teacher’s intervention. Schema theory of meaningful learning According to the schema theory, meaningful learning can only occur if the learner is able to use their schema to interpret their experiences. Schema in this case refers to a learner’s existing knowledge. This theory is somehow similar to the constructivist theory, in that it emphasizes on the role played by prior experiences in determining how a learner acquires knowledge. The constructivist and schema theories belong to a group of learning approaches that emphasize on discovery learning. Here, the learner is left to discover concepts on their own,